The history of historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) doesn’t begin with the founding of what is now Cheney University in 1837, twenty-eight years before the Civil War ended. To understand HBCUs, you must understand the environment in which they were founded, whether it be The University of the District of Columbia in 1851, Lincoln University -Pennsylvania in 1854, Wilberforce University in 1856, Lemoyne-Owen in 1862, Virginia Union in 1864, Bowie State, Atlanta University (now Clark-Atlanta University, or Shaw University in 1865 after the Civil War ended and a number of Black colleges in 1866, including Fisk University, Lincoln University of Missouri, and Rust College.
America then, with few exceptions among religious groups feared the education of enslaved people. The fears were twofold; escape and rebellion. A Black person who could read and write could forge travel passes; Black leaders could organize a revolution. On September 9, 1739, a literate enslaved person named Jemmy led what was called the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina, which resulted in the deaths of twenty-five colonists and between thirty-five and fifty enslaved Black people. South Carolina reacted with the Negro Act of 1740, which made it illegal for enslaved Africans to assemble in groups, earn money, or learn to write. This Act was copied by many other states, including some Northern ones. Every colony or state after the Revolutionary War had some form of Slave Code or Black Code preventing Black enslaved children from attending public school. HBCUs and schools at every other level of education for Black children formed because there was no place else for them to go.
The first students at these institutions were formerly enslaved people, many illiterate. The schools were designed to provide the job skills appropriate for the times and to produce teachers. Various church denominations, mainly white ones, helped found most of the early HBCUs. The United Church of Christ, Presbyterian, and American Baptist Church, and the American Missionary Association were instrumental in the founding of several HBCUs. The Catholic church got in the game in 1925 with its founding of Xavier in New Orleans. The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church helped establish…
